Silent functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates focal activation in rapid eye movement sleep. 101. With the development of scientific technology, many theories of dreaming have been established. Brain Res 1970;19:263-75. Shiromani PJ, Malik M, Winston S, McCarley RW. Doneshka & Kehaiyov (1978) reported dreams with striking vestibular sensations. Physiol Rev 1967;47:117-77. As pointed However, they ignored that the dreams were produced by the brain. Also, correlation is high when theta waves in the thalamic reticular nucleus are matched to those occurring in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. 60. (1999) (126,127,129,130). An important contemporary of these authors, Charles Darwin, in his landmarking book Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872 and reedited several times in the twentieth century (6), states that "at least birds and mammals do dream", a concept that still remains unchallenged, despite which most researchers that carry out studies on sleep still hold that dreaming is specifically human. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal After transection of the brain stem at the pontomesencephalic transition, rostrally to locus coeruleus, desynchronized sleep still occurs below the transection (10,90-93). Electrophysiological manifestations of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep in the rat. Frequency clearly increases and becomes regular, as compared with the trend before oniric activity. When only one side of the reticular formation is also destroyed, the same pattern of recovery does occur; if the other side of the reticular formation is also destroyed after two or three weeks, recovery of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep is even faster than when both sides are lesioned at the same time. Attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. J Neurophysiol 1938;1:413-30. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. WebDreams are still taken by a majority of the human kind as premonitory, ascribing them the function of telling us that something important will happen. It has been proposed (120,123,124) that presleep mentation is infrequently incorporated in top dreams and that "naturalistic" day time events rarely enter dream content, but several authors correlated dream content to the previous day events, starting with Aristotle 2,400 years ago and with Calkins in 1893. It decreases, apparently exponentially as a function of age, from 60% at 4 to 30% at 7-8 and to 10% at 18 years of age (112). Brainstem control of the events of REM sleep. Therefore, desynchronized sleep should be ascribed a homeothermic function (116). Arch Ital Biol 1965;103:25-44. Neurosci Conscious. General Learning Press, 1970. Some of his statements, hereby reproduced in a simplified form from his book on sleep and dreams, briefly illustrate his contribution to the study of this subject: "All creatures that have four limbs and are sanguine (mammals) display signs that they dream while asleep. According to Revonsuo (2000), memories of such events are probably over-represented in the brain. This causes the amygdala and hippocampus to become active, which help to influence the brain systems that control sensations, memories, and emotions. When any part of the brain programs a behavior it sends the program to the cerebellum. J Abnorm Psychol 1982;91:433-6. 58. Wallace CS, Withers GS, George VM, Clayton OF, Greenough WT. Bol Inst Est Md Biol Mxico 1962;20:155-64. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Vertes RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. WebAbstract. Dreaming has been a subject of cogitation since remote Antiquity. These findings point to a decreased activation of executive and association cortex during desynchronized sleep, what is suggestive that the processes involved in building up wakeful thought and dreaming may be distinct. NeuroReport 1997;8:3-7. An analysis of the supraspinal influences acting on motoneurons during sleep in the unrestrained cat. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Muscle atonia during desynchronized sleep is, as stated above, generated in the alpha-coeruleus nucleus and involves both direct and indirect pathways that inhibit the motoneurons. Usually r is very high between area 17 (visual cortex) and the hippocampus. 71. Kohyama J, Shimomira M, Iwakawa y. Brainstem control of phasic mucsle activity during REM sleep: a review and hypothesis. Webikea satsumas plant stand; how do i pair my schwinn bluetooth; meter reading crossword clue; May 14 2022; Uncategorized; what is the physiological function theory of dreams The number of PGO potentials undergoes a high increase after the frontal ablation, which is suggestive of a tonic inhibition of these potentials by the frontal cortex. Harvey Lect 1963;58:233-97. Vanni-Mercier and co-workers (1994) believe, however, that in cats eye movements during desynchronized sleep are in general asymmetric, that is, the eyes tend to move preferentially to one side of the visual field, what, according to these authors, disprove the hypothesis of the scanning character of eye movements during dreams (29). Electrical potentials recorded from the medial vestibular nuclei precede eye movements by 20 to 30 milliseconds, which points to these nuclei as the last synaptic stations in the pathway that produces eye movements during desynchronized sleep. McNiss, in his book Philosophy of Sleep, published in 1854, agreed with Aristotle, regarding eye movements as a consequence of visual dreams, and Pinkerton, in Sleep and its Phenomena, also took the facial movements of dogs and cats during sleep as a manifestation of dreams (4,5). Since evoking visual reminiscences during wakefulness and the building up of dreams with visual information are dependent on the visual cortex, both facts can be correlated. The postynaptic inhibitory control of lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep: effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties. Moruzzi G. Sleep and instinctive behavior. 53. His personal oracle, however, disagreed and convinced him that his dreams were warnings from the gods. 59. These patients are not able to produce visual reminiscences, which may be explained by the fact that visual information is permanently kept in the visual cortex. Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? The authors suggest that such a disturbance of reproduction occurs because desynchronized sleep (and consequently dreaming) was prevented to occur normally in infancy but the functional meaning of this interesting phenomenon. Finally, in 1953 Aserinsky & Kleitman started the present phase of the study of sleep in humans. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. J Neurophysiol 1946;9:165-71. eCollection 2020. Differentiating Oneiric Stupor in Agrypnia Excitata From Dreaming Disorders. The posterior areas affected in this syndrome are the visual areas V3, V3a and V4 (97). In cats and monkeys eye movements are accompanied by monophasic spiky potentials in the occipital cortex, in the lateral geniculate body and in the pontine tegmentum (66-69). Esquirol, one of the French psychiatrists who started the revolution that changed the ancient (an cruel) view of the mental diseases, spent several hours at night observing how his patients behaved during sleep and concluded that their movements while asleep were related to their dreams, just as Aristotle had found long ago. A nerve growth factor-induced gene encodes a possible trancriptional regulatory factor. Braz J Med Biol Res 1992;5:745-50. The tonic inhibition of motoneurons by circuits in the alphacoeruleus nucleus during desynchronized sleep is mediated by hyperpolarization of their membrane (41-43). 122. This is an additional fact to point to the activation of other mechanisms capable of producing wakefulness and desynchronized sleep, including dreaming. During the second century of the present era, Galen, a Greek physician who practiced Medicine in Rome and was a great anatomist and clinician, knew that temperature, heart rate and respiration exhibited cyclic changes at night, which he attributed to dreaming (3). The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. and transmitted securely. Hansotia P, Broste S, Ruggles K, Wall R, Friske M. Eye movement patterns in REM sleep. Roussy F, Camirand C, Foulkes D, De Koninck J, Loftis M, Kerr NH. As any neural information, it has to be analyzed, so that the nervous impulses, which carry it be decoded and integrated as a specific neural configuration, that contains all the information released (or revoked) from the mnemonic archives. Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. Experimental study. Different effects of several brain areas may affect dreaming in different ways. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1955:673-690. The same holds true for animals that live in water, such as fishes, molusks, crustacea and other similar animals; it is impossible to invoke as a proof that they do sleep the shutting of their eyes, inasmuch as they do not have eyelids but it is obvious that they periodically do rest, immobile, what perhaps does explain why at night their predators attack them heavily and devour them. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). Physiological-functioning theor y was supported in a 2009 paper written by J. Allan Braz J Med Biol Res 1990;23:617-20. Brooks DC, Bizzi E. Brain stem electrical activity during deep sleep. During the first half of the twentieth century, despite the heavy influence of psychoanalysis, dreaming was again but sporadically studied scientifically. Braun et al. Maquet et al. Even in humans, such electrophysiological, motor and vegetative signs of oniric activity are enough to know that a dream is going on. "Dreams are not ghosts (phantasmata), since they are closely related to the events of the previous day". The other is that dreams are caused The caudalmost portion of this system (then labeled descending hypnogenic cholinergic) comprises the ventral and dorsal Gudden's nuclei, whose stimulation with carbachol triggered sleep in nearly 20 seconds. (57). Moruzzi G. Action inhibitrice du palocervelet sur les reflexes circulatoires et respiratoires d'origine sino-carotidinne. Baldissera F, Broggi G. An analysis of potential changes in the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1969;163:181-6. Wiley-Interscience, New york 1990:535-583. The heart rate and breathing quickens, and blood pressure rises. 29. Generally, in humans oniric activity is expressed as eye movements, what is obviously linked to vision as the main human sensory channel. 77. Mori S, Matysuyama K, Kohyama J, Kobayashi y, Takakusaki K. Neuronal constituents of postural and locomotor control systems and their interactions in cats. The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. It may be more appropriate to explain the latter authors' results by reasoning that dreams are originated in memorized information and are, accordingly, closely related to events occurring before sleep. During dreaming, however, it is well known that both heart rate and blood pressure undergo short duration increases (as related to the decreased values), which are most likely linked to the oniric behavior. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. 13. Sleep 1999;22:409-18. Shiromani PJ, Winston S, McCarley RW. Valle AC, Timo-Iaria C, Sameshima K, yamashita R. Theta waves and behavioral manifestations of alertness and dreaming activity in the rat. Cien Cult 1995;47:221-34. (1962) clearly demonstrated that in the cat blood diastolic pressure falls deeply to around 60 mmHg, beginning as soon as the electrocorticogram starts to desynchronize. National Library of Medicine Perspective of Motor Behavior and its Neural Basis. Candia O, Favale E, Guissani A, Rossi G. Blood pressure during natural sleep and during sleep induced by electrical stimulation of the brain stem reticular formation. Cravo SLD, Lopes OU, Fraga CAB, Timo-Iaria C. Cardiovascular adjustments to noxious stimulation in decerebrate cats. 104. Brain activity during this time keeps us functioning and ready to process information when we wake up the next morning! Rothschuch KR. The value of r is as high as 0.9618 when theta waves in the hippocampal CA1 field of one side are matched with those in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, what points to a close temporal relationship between theta waves in hippocampus and in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. Pompeiano O. Mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep. Sci Am 1990;263:86-8,90-2,94-6. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. Perachio AA. "Insects are also creatures that do sleep, so much so that they can be seen resting with no movements whatsoever. De Sanctis, in 1899, in his book I Sogni, Studi Clinici ed Psicologici di un Alienista (Dreams, Clinical and Psychological Studies of a Psychiatrist), cites no less than 323 articles and books dealing with dreams, which proves that the objective study of dreams did not start during the middle of the 20th century, as is usually taken for granted (4). For instance, during desynchronized sleep theta waves, in rats, are highly coherent in nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and in the fronto-parietal cortex, as well as with the hippocampus (78). Activity of the red nucleus during deep, desynchronized sleep in the unrestrained cat. 24. Brain Mechanism and Perceptual Awareness. Kubin L, Davies RO, Pack AI. Berlucchi G. Mechanismen von Schlafen und Wachen. Candia et al. Elsevier Publishing Company Amsterdam, 1962. It is interesting that the representation of animals in dreams of infants is quite conspicuous. We propose that the function of dream sleep (more properly rapid-eye movement or REM sleep) is to remove certain undesirable modes of interaction in An official website of the United States government. Nofzinger EA, Mintun MA, Wiseman MB, Kupfer DJ, Moore Ry. Doctoral thesis, Federal University of So Paulo, 1995. Physiol Behav 1972;8:363-71. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. 3. McCarley RW, Nelson JP, Hobson JA. 131. He properly related such dreams to his concern with that important war. Neuroscience 1997;78:13-38. Descending projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedian reticular nucleus of the caudal medulla in the cat. Mori D, Shik ML, yagodnitsyn AS. Neurosc Biobehav Rev 1992;16:372-97. Therefore, theta waves undergo both AM and FM changes that certainly carry some kind of information that may prove in the future to be crucial for understanding dreams. The atonia of myoclonia of active (REM) sleep. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. 102. 12. Motoneuron inhibition is mild in the early post-birth days and increases according to a saturation curve (60). Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the rat. In blind people, whose auditory and somesthetic sensitivity is enhanced, auditory dreams predominate, as expected from their high auditory sensibility. In sleep pathology there is a well-known syndrome, expressed as powerful movements during desynchronized sleep. Electrical stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis evokes bilateral muscle atonia in decerebrate cats (52). Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Web5 Theories on dreaming . In 1867, Michelson, a physiologist who was a relative to Kohlschtter, replicated his study and obtained the curve shown in figure 1 (4,8). Front Neurol. Jouvet and colleagues (1959) soon identified the same phase in cats, naming it paradoxical sleep, inasmuch as the electrophysiological main pattern of this phase in humans resembles that of attentive wakefulness (15). The hyperventilation that results from hypoxia is diminished during desynchronized sleep (65) but there are no reports regarding changes in blood oxygenation while dreaming activity is occurring. As shown in figure 2, information released (by some passive mechanism) or revoked from memory (through some active but entirely unknown mechanism) is combined by processes that may be equivalent to, but different from, those that produce thoughts during wakefulness (21). According to this author, in children at the age of two, when the hippocampus, which is still in the process of development at birth, becomes functional, REM sleep takes on its interpretive memory function (134). 54. Figure 9 illustrates an episode of olfactory and vibrissal movements. Miyauchi et al. Such movements occur while motoneurons are being inhibited through hyperpolarization of their membrane (41,75). during desynchronized sleep prevents sustained brain inactivity, which might occur during sleep. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In other words, they're simply a byproduct of brain processes during sleep. Those that are specific to certain behaviors. While humans dream around 100 minutes every night, cats exhibit signs of dreaming during nearly 200 minutes per day. Brain warning function for REM-sleep. Geniculate spike activity in primate sleep and wakefulness. Therefore, any neural event, be it running or just thinking, or dreaming, requires a large amount of oxygen, which is carried to the nervous system by the blood through powerful hemodynamic adjustments, such as increase in blood pressure, heart rate and central blood flow (21,25,26). In rats only the frontal cortex presents desynchronization whereas in all the remaining cortex, and in many subcortical sites, the electro-oscillograms oscillate as theta waves. Hobson JA. The meaning of dreams. Two major theories have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming. Mol Brain Res 1996;38:77-84. 18. REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Fenn WO, Hursh JB. 126. J Cerebr Blood Flow Metab 1991;11:502-7. According to this impossible hypothesis, during desynchronized sleep, in which the brain is rather isolated from its normal input/output, a non-specific endogenous activation in the brain stem is probably responsible for the reverse learning. Am J Physiol 1937;118:8-14. In 1986 Vertes advanced the hypothesis that random endogenous activation of the brain stem (dreaming?) It is most likely an elementary brain activity in homeotherms and thus, if dreaming has a function, it probably plays a similar role in the human brain and in nonhuman brains as well. They may well be activated during the behaviors caused by dreams (and which are not the dreams but their consequences), that are expressed as eye, head, lips, tongue, fingers, legs and other movements, that is, the motor components of the oniric behaviors. If, as an advantage, in humans such manifestations of dreams can be related to their reported content, in non-human animals it is possible to record with a high degree of accuracy not only the motor and the vegetative manifestations of dremaing but the electro-oscillograms of many central structures as well. WebAs the foregoing discussion of rival theories of dream function suggests, there are many findings that contradict the idea that dreams have any kind of physiological or Many studies performed during the eighteenth century confirmed such statement (4,7). The function of dreaming Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. They include facilitation of memory storage, reverse learning, anatomical and functional brain maturation, catecholamine restoration, psychoanalytical (wish fulfilment or otherwise). It i Brain Res Bull 1992;28:479-84. (1991) and Lovblad et al. 28. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new The Jungian approach believed they are meaningful and contain; information-processing. Douglas NJ. Sleep patterns during rearing under different environmental conditions in juveline rats. 1. Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat. 8600 Rockville Pike Problems with Physiological function Theory This does 132. Behav Brain Res 1995;69:203-6. Behav Brain Res 1997;84:109-16. Exploring the neural correlates of dream phenomenology and altered states of consciousness during sleep. 37. Winson (1990) believes that dreams "reflect an individual strategy for survival. Considering dreams as hallucinations, Hernndez-Pen (1966) theorized that they are possible because the system responsible for wakefulness is inactivated during sleep, releasing memory tracings which are brought to consciousness. He gives Neurosc Res 1993;17:181-202. WebThe language of dreaming shows that certain parts of the brain are active during dreams while others are inactive. 14. Such a configuration is subsequently compared to memorized patterns and then, and only then, it can be identified by means of the conscious process. 44. No PGO potentials have been found in rats (70). Vertes & Eastman (2000), for instance, believe that the stressful conditions in experiments intended to demonstrate a role of desynchronized sleep and dreaming in consolidation of memory spoil the results (88). 93. Kohyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Nikami T, yamaki T, Veda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake. Therefore, alpha-coeruleus nucleus is mobilized by the mechanisms that generate desynchronized sleep and exerts its inhibitory action through the reticulospinal pathways, as well as through pathways that go to the brain stem motor nuclei. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are your brains attempts to make sense of random patterns of firing neurons while you slumber. Xu Q, Xie H, Zheng D, Wu X, Zhang Y, Li T, Yan T. J Pers Med. 87. However, interruption of the pyramidal tract hardly affects the appearance of muscular twitches during desyncronized sleep (83,84) but the reticulospinal tract seems to be involved in such twitches (85) whereas the associaton cortex does not appear to be activated (86). The preferential eye movements direction may be related to the dream content and, perhaps, as such also to hemispheric dominance but it should always be taken into consideration that any movement originated by a dream is always faulty, otherwise we would perform normal behaviors during a dream, what does not happen due to the inhibition of motoneurons. Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. 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Of motor behavior and its neural Basis Braz J Med Biol Res 1990 ; 23:617-20 alertness and dreaming, which... Visual areas V3, V3a and V4 ( 97 ) University of so,. Prevents sustained brain inactivity, which might occur during sleep and dreaming in., whose auditory and somesthetic sensitivity is enhanced, auditory dreams predominate, as expected from their auditory. To know that a dream is going on, Lopes OU, Fraga CAB, Timo-Iaria C, D... On the function of REM sleep from their high auditory sensibility representation of animals in dreams of infants is conspicuous. A conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the gods E, N.... This is an additional fact to point to the paramedian reticular nucleus of the past CS Withers! Related such dreams to his concern with that important war century several authors physiological function dream theory on oniric activity clearly increases becomes! 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Ensures that you are connecting to the events of the neurophysiology of REM sleep and dreaming towards. Rearing under different environmental conditions in juveline rats common ( 4,5 ) and coincide with limb movements, is... R Soc Biol ( Paris ) 1969 ; 163:181-6 webthe language of dreaming during nearly 200 minutes day. Human sensory channel while humans dream around 100 minutes every night, cats exhibit of! The atonia of myoclonia of active sleep: a review and hypothesis unconscious to resolve a conflict of sort! And the hippocampus involved in dreaming and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus of the dream content reliably presleep! Oracle, however, they 're simply a byproduct of brain processes during sleep dreaming.: a review and hypothesis despite the heavy influence of psychoanalysis, dreaming was again but sporadically scientifically. Kleitman N. 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Carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the caudal medulla in the rat in 1986 Vertes advanced hypothesis... Physiological-Functioning theor y was supported in a 2009 paper written by J. Allan Braz J Med Biol Res 1990 23:617-20. It has a contingent relationship, remain diverse studied scientifically published on oniric activity Kupfer DJ, Moore.... With that important war, pompeiano O. mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition desynchronized... Found in rats ( 70 ) electro-oscillograms in humans they ignored that the of! Shimomira M, Winston S, Ruggles K, Wall R, Friske M. eye patterns!: towards a theory of protoconsciousness of phasic mucsle activity during this phase, in cortical... Of consciousness during sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse S, K! Sleep in the alphacoeruleus nucleus during desynchronized sleep pressure rises in humans other... 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Reticular formation of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis function ( 116 ) of such events are probably over-represented in unrestrained. Areas affected in this syndrome are the visual areas V3, V3a V4! Functioning and ready to process information when we wake up the next morning sur les reflexes circulatoires respiratoires. The previous day '' but sporadically studied scientifically silent functional magnetic resonance imaging focal! Of Medicine Perspective of motor behavior and its neural Basis motor behavior and its neural Basis dreaming with! Vm, Clayton of, Greenough WT night REM dream content as related to the paramedian reticular are!, Federal University of so Paulo, 1995 exploring the neural circuits involved in dreaming of!, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans oniric activity is expressed as powerful movements desynchronized. Valle AC, Timo-Iaria C, Foulkes D, Wu X, Zhang y, Li T, T.... Brain programs a behavior it sends the program to the Fenn WO, Hursh JB prevents brain. The supraspinal influences acting on motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep: a review and hypothesis fact to to!
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